MACROPHAGE FOAM CELLS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Howard

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Nature of lipid in foam cells 4. Sources of cholesterol that accumulates in foam cells 5. Significance of foam cell formation 5.1. Trapping lipid in lesions versus removing lipid from lesions 5.2. Alteration of macrophage function 6. The use of cultured macrophages to study foam cell formation 7. In vitro foam cell formation 7.1. Plasma lipoproteins 7.2. Non-lipoprotein forms of cholesterol and lipid particles isolated from lesions 8. Endocytic pathways by which foam cells may accumulate cholesterol 9. Cholesterol trafficking within macrophages 10. Cholesterol efflux from macrophages 10.1. Plasma-derived HDL 10.2. Macrophage excretion of cholesterol in discoidal particles 10.3. Macrophage excretion of cholesterol in liposomes 10.4 . Macrophage excretion of 27-oxygenated cholesterol metabolites 11. Modulation of foam cell cholesterol metabolism 12. Comparison of foam cells isolated from atherosclerotic lesions with foam cells produced in vitro 13. Foam cell death 14. Perspective 15. References